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In 1964, the development of insulin radioimmunoassay methods led to the discovery of the incretin effect, which demonstrated that oral glucose intake induces higher insulin secretion compared to intravenous (i.v.) glucose [3,4]
GLP-1 drugs already carry a significant GI side-effect burden, and adding a supplement that independently irritates the stomach or alters motility can compound the problem
The figure connects the activation of GLP-1R to downstream pathways (cAMP/PKA, Epac/PI3K/Akt, AMPK/SIRT1, ERK/MAPK) that regulate mitochondrial function, autophagy, proteostasis, and stress response, all of which collectively influence the hallmarks of aging to improve both cellular and systemic resilience
It may improve energy levels without making you feel "on edge" through the day
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